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UPDATE

Available in: DSQL, ESQL, PSQL

Description

Changes values in a table (or in one or more tables underlying a view). The columns affected are specified in the SET clause; the rows affected may be limited by the WHERE and ROWS clauses.

Syntax

 UPDATE [TRANSACTION name] {tablename | viewname} [[AS] alias]
   SET col = newval [, col = newval ...]
   [WHERE {search-conditions | CURRENT OF cursorname}]
   [PLAN plan_items]
   [ORDER BY sort_items]
   [ROWS <m> [TO <n>]]
   [RETURNING values [INTO <variables>]]

 <m>, <n> ::= Any expression evaluating to an integer.
 <variables> ::= :varname [, :varname ...]

Restrictions:

• The TRANSACTION directive is only available in ESQL.
• In a pure DSQL session, WHERE CURRENT OF isn't of much use, since there exists no DSQL statement to create a cursor.
• The PLAN, ORDER BY and ROWS clauses are not available in ESQL.
• Since v. 2.0, no column may be SET more than once in the same UPDATE statement.
• The RETURNING clause is not available in ESQL.
• The INTO <variables> subclause is only available in PSQL.
• When returning values into the context variable NEW, this name must not be preceded by a colon (":").

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COLLATE subclause for text BLOB columns

Added in: 2.0

Description

COLLATE subclauses are now also supported for text BLOBs.

Example

 update MyTable
   set NameBlobSp = 'Juan'
   where NameBlobBr collate pt_br = 'Joćo'

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ORDER BY

Available in: DSQL, PSQL

Added in: 2.0

Description

UPDATE now allows an ORDER BY clause. This only makes sense in combination with ROWS, but is also valid without it.

PLAN

Available in: DSQL, PSQL

Added in: 2.0

Description

UPDATE now allows a PLAN clause, so users can optimize the operation manually.

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Relation alias makes real name unavailable

Changed in: 2.0

Description

If you give a table or view an alias in a Firebird 2.0 or above statement, you must use the alias, not the table name, if you want to qualify fields from that relation.

Examples

Correct usage:

 update Fruit set soort = 'pisang' where ...

 update Fruit set Fruit.soort = 'pisang' where ...

 update Fruit F set soort = 'pisang' where ...

 update Fruit F set F.soort = 'pisang' where ...

No longer possible:

 update Fruit F set Fruit.soort = 'pisang' where ...

RETURNING

Available in: DSQL, PSQL

Added in: 2.1

Description

An UPDATE statement modifying at most one row may optionally include a RETURNING clause in order to return values from the updated row. The clause, if present, need not contain all the modified columns and may also contain other columns or expressions. The returned values reflect any changes that may have been made in BEFORE triggers, but not those in AFTER triggers. OLD.fieldname and NEW.fieldname may both be used in the list of columns to return; for field names not preceded by either of these, the new value is returned.

Example

 update Scholars
   set firstname = 'Hugh', lastname = 'Pickering'
   where firstname = 'Henry' and lastname = 'Higgins'
   returning id, old.lastname, new.lastname

Notes:

• In DSQL, a statement with a RETURNING clause always returns exactly one row. If no record was actually updated, the fields in this row are all NULL. This behaviour may change in a later version of Firebird. In PSQL, if no row was updated, nothing is returned, and the receiving variables keep their existing values.

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ROWS

Available in: DSQL, PSQL

Added in: 2.0

Description

Limits the amount of rows updated to a specified number or range.

Syntax

 ROWS <m> [TO <n>]

 <m>, <n> ::= Any expression evaluating to an integer.

With a single argument m, the update is limited to the first m rows of the dataset defined by the table or view and the optional WHERE and ORDER BY clauses.

Points to note:

• If m > the total number of rows in the dataset, the entire set is updated.
• If m = 0, no rows are updated.
• If m < 0, an error is raised.

With two arguments m and n, the update is limited to rows m to n inclusively. Row numbers are 1-based.

Points to note when using two arguments:

• If m > the total number of rows in the dataset, no rows are updated.
• If m lies within the set but n doesn't, the rows from m to the end of the set are updated.
• If m < 1 or n < 1, an error is raised.
• If n = m-1, no rows are updated.
• If n < m-1, an error is raised.

ROWS can also be used with the SELECT and DELETE statements.

See also:
UPDATE
DELETE
GRANT
INSERT
REVOKE
SELECT

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